SPECTRAL TECHNIQUES FOR RAPID QUANTIFICATION OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE IN SOLUTION
V. Baumruk1, V. Kopecký Jr.1,2
1Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke
Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic,
e-mail:
baumruk@karlov.mff.cuni.cz
2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of
Sciences, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
Development and improvement in techniques that can be used for
characterization of proteins is becoming increasingly important in the rapidly
expanding field of proteomics. NMR techniques can provide high-resolution
structures of proteins in solution essentially equivalent in quality to those
determined by crystallography. Unfortunately, these methods are still time
consuming, require milligrams of protein and are limited to proteins of low
molecular weight.
Optical spectra such as electronic [1-2] and vibrational [3] circular dichroism (ECD and VCD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) [4], as well as Raman [5] spectra have been extensively used to obtain estimates of the average fractional components of secondary structure in a protein. Moreover, these optical methods, which sample structure on an inherently rapid time scale, are particularly appropriate for studying protein-folding processes [6,7], since the intermediate species one wishes to study are often unstable. Such dynamic structures are poorly suited to more precise, but slower time scale, NMR structural techniques or to X-ray diffraction analyses of the crystal-stabilized distribution of structures. Optical spectra can rarely yield the structural detail of those techniques but remain vitally useful for qualitative monitoring of the structure, particularly for relative changes in a single or related protein.
For most applications, no single spectroscopic technique can provide all
the information needed, and multitude of methods must usually be employed in
order to meet all these needs. For instance, ECD results can often be difficult
to interpret since aromatic amino acids can interfere. A reasonable strategy in
this case is to confirm the CD results with one of the vibrational
spectroscopies – Raman, FTIR or VCD – owing to spectral separation of
structurally characteristic vibrational modes. Both Raman and FTIR rely on
vibrational modes but selection rules are different (relative band intensities
are different) and the influence of aqueous solvent is significant in IR but
quite low for Raman. Overall, by applying both techniques it is possible to
increase the confidence in a particular estimate of the secondary structure.
VCD provides alternative views of protein conformation with advantages
over ECD and FTIR spectroscopy. The important aspect is that VCD, being
sensitive to short-range order, senses sheets and other structural elements
(including turns) differently than does ECD, which in turn is superior for
helix determination. Combination of VDC with ECD and/or FTIR improves
determination of all fractional components.
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